Supercapacitors : materials, design, and commercialization /

Supercapacitors: Materials, Design, and Commercialization provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research trends and opportunities in supercapacitors, and particularly in terms of novel materials and electrolytes.The book will address the transformation in supercapacitive technology from do...

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Bibliografiske detaljer
Format:	Electronisk eBog
Sprog:	engelsk
Udgivet:	[S.l.] : Elsevier, 2024.
Fag:	Supercapacitors. Supercondensateurs. Supercapacitors
Online adgang:	ScienceDirect
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Front Cover
Supercapacitors
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Introduction to supercapacitors, materials and design
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials realm for supercapacitors
1.3 Electrolytes for supercapacitors
1.3.1 Aqueous electrolytes
1.3.2 Nonaqueous electrolytes
1.3.2.1 Organic electrolytes
1.3.2.2 Ionic liquids
1.3.2.3 Deep eutectic solvents
1.3.2.4 Polymer electrolytes
1.3.2.5 Hybrid electrolytes
1.4 Separators for supercapacitors
1.5 Categories and design of supercapacitors
1.6 Machine learning and supercapacitors
1.7 Future of supercapacitors as energy storage devices and their commercial markets
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Nanocarbons and electric double-layer capacitors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 EDLC charge storage mechanism
2.3 Nanocarbons-source and synthesis
2.3.1 Activated carbons
2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.3.3 Graphene
2.3.4 Carbon aerogel
2.4 Nanocarbons for electric double-layer capacitance
2.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
3 Categories of pseudocapacitor: intrinsic, extrinsic, and intercalation materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Charge storage process in supercapacitors
3.2.1 Nonfaradaic charge storage mechanism
3.2.2 Faradaic charge storage mechanism
3.2.2.1 Underpotential deposition
3.2.2.2 Redox pseudocapacitance
3.2.2.3 Intercalation pseudocapacitance
3.3 Difference between hybrid supercapacitor and hybrid energy storage devices
3.4 Units for electrochemical energy storage devices
3.5 Advances in materials for pseudocapacitors
3.5.1 Intrinsic pseudocapacitive material
3.5.2 Extrinsic materials
3.5.3 Effect of extrinsic pseudocapacitance
3.6 Energy storage through intercalation reactions
3.6.1 Charge storage kinetics.
3.7 New material trends in commercial pseudocapacitors
3.7.1 Structure engineering of materials for pseudocapacitors
3.7.1.1 Utilization of nanostructurization approach
3.7.1.1.1 Size and shape
3.7.1.1.2 Hetero-architectures
3.7.1.1.3 Spatial arrangement
3.7.1.2 Atomic-level engineering
3.7.1.2.1 Oxygen deficiency
3.7.1.2.2 Interlayer tuning
3.7.2 High-rate capability materials for pseudocapacitors
3.8 Conclusion
References
4 Electrochemical characterization and calculation methods of supercapacitors
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Cyclic voltammetry (CV)
4.1.1.1 Potential window
4.1.1.2 Charge storage mechanism and specific capacitance calculation
4.1.1.3 Charge storage kinetics
4.1.2 Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD)
4.1.2.1 Charge storage mechanism and specific capacitance calculation
4.1.2.2 Energy density (E) and power density (P)
4.1.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
4.1.3.1 Nyquist plot
4.1.3.2 Bode plot
4.1.3.2.1 Bode phase angle plots
4.1.3.2.2 Complex capacitance
4.2 Conclusion
References
5 Transition metal oxides/sulfides electrode-based supercapacitors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The charge storage mechanism of pseudocapacitive supercapacitors
5.3 Transition metal oxides for supercapacitors
5.3.1 Manganese dioxide
5.3.2 Copper oxide
5.3.3 Tin oxide
5.4 Transition metal sulfides for supercapacitors
5.4.1 Manganese sulfides
5.4.2 Molybdenum sulfides
5.5 Transition metal oxide composites as supercapacitor electrodes
5.5.1 RuO2-based composite electrode material
5.5.2 MnO2-based composite electrode material
5.5.3 NiO2-based composite electrode material
5.6 Commercial possibilities of transition metal oxides/sulfides
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References.
6 Conducting polymers and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Evolution of conducting polymers for electrochemical energy storage
6.3 Conducting polymers for supercapacitors
6.4 Conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors
6.4.1 Intrinsically conducting polymer composites with carbon materials
6.4.1.1 Intrinsically conducting polymer composites with graphene and related carbon materials
6.4.1.2 Intrinsically conducting polymer composites with tubular carbons
6.4.2 Intrinsically conducting polymer composites with chalcogenides
6.4.3 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with other constituents
6.4.4 Ternary composites with an intrinsically conducting polymer
6.4.5 Miscellaneous observations
6.5 Conducting polymers in flexible supercapacitors
6.5.1 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with carbon materials
6.5.1.1 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with graphene, graphene-related materials, and nanocarbons
6.5.1.2 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with carbon nanotubes
6.5.2 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with chalcogenides
6.5.3 Ternary composites with intrinsically conducting polymers
6.5.4 Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers with miscellaneous materials
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for supercapacitors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pristine metal-organic frameworks
7.2.1 Synthesis
7.2.1.1 Conventional solution method
7.2.1.2 Sonochemical synthesis
7.2.1.3 Solvothermal synthesis
7.2.1.4 Electrochemical synthesis
7.2.1.5 Microwave synthesis
7.2.1.6 Diffusion synthesis
7.2.1.7 Iono-thermal process
7.2.2 Conductive metal-organic frameworks
7.2.2.1 The "through-bond" approach.
7.2.2.2 The "through-space" approach
7.2.3 Pristine metal-organic framework-based electrodes for supercapacitors
7.3 Metal-organic framework composites
7.3.1 Formation of metal-organic framework composites
7.3.1.1 For metal-organic frameworks as functional materials
7.3.1.2 For metal-organic frameworks as matrices
7.3.2 Types of metal-organic framework composites
7.3.2.1 Metal-organic framework/metal nanoparticle composites
7.3.2.2 Metal-organic framework/metal oxide composites
7.3.2.3 Metal-organic framework/polymer composites
7.3.2.4 Metal-organic framework/carbon composites
7.3.2.5 Other types of metal-organic framework composites
7.3.3 Metal-organic framework composites for supercapacitors
7.4 Metal-organic framework derivatives
7.4.1 Carbons
7.4.2 Metal oxides/hydroxides
7.4.3 Metal sulfides
7.5 Metal-organic framework-based materials with different dimensionalities
7.5.1 0D nanoparticles
7.5.2 1D nanofibers
7.5.3 2D nanosheets
7.5.4 3D architectures
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Supercapacitors based on MXene (carbides/nitrides) and black phosphorus electrodes
8.1 Introduction of MXene
8.2 History and invention of MXene
8.2.1 MXene preparation
8.2.2 Hydrofluoric acid etching method
8.2.3 The modified acid etching method
8.2.4 Molten fluoride salt etching method
8.2.5 Nonfluorine etching method
8.2.6 Other etching methods
8.2.7 Bottom-up approach
8.2.8 Molten salt synthesis
8.3 Introduction of black phosphorus
8.3.1 Historical evolution of black phosphorus
8.3.2 Structure and characteristics
8.3.3 Construction of black phosphorus
8.3.4 Properties of black phosphorus
8.3.5 Preparation strategies
8.4 Supercapacitors
8.5 MXene for supercapacitor applications
8.6 Black phosphorus for supercapacitor electrode.
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Polyoxometalates and redox-active molecular clusters for supercapacitors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Redox properties of polyoxometalates
9.3 Polyoxometalates-based electrodes for supercapacitors
9.4 Polyoxometalates-based composite electrodes for supercapacitors
9.5 Hybrid capacitors based on polyoxometalates
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Conventional supercapacitor electrolytes: aqueous, organic, and ionic
Abbreviations
10.1 General introduction and basic properties
10.2 Aqueous-based electrolytes
10.3 Organic solvents-based electrolytes
10.3.1 Conducting salts for organic electrolytes
10.3.2 Organic solvents
10.3.2.1 Single organic solvent systems for electrochemical supercapacitor electrolytes
10.3.2.2 Mixtures of solvents for electrochemical supercapacitor electrolytes
10.3.3 Examples of organic electrolytes used for different types of electrochemical supercapacitors
10.3.3.1 Organic electrolytes for electric double-layer capacitors
10.3.3.2 Organic electrolytes for pseudocapacitors
10.4 Ionic liquid-based electrolytes
10.4.1 Mixture of ionic liquid-solvent-based electrolytes for supercapacitors
10.4.2 New class of ionic liquid as electrolyte for supercapacitors
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Solid-state and gel-type supercapacitor electrolytes-polymers and cross-linkers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemistry of solid-state and gel-type electrolytes
11.2.1 Solid electrolytes classification
11.2.2 Types of solid electrolytes
11.2.2.1 Framework of crystalline ion conductors
11.2.2.2 Glassy/amorphous ionic conductors
11.2.2.3 Polymer ion conductors
11.2.2.4 Composite solid-state electrolytes
11.2.2.5 Glass solid electrolyte
11.2.2.6 Metal solid electrolyte
11.3 Solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitors.

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