Hydraulic fracture geometry characterization based on distributed fiber optic strain measurements : modeling and field data for unconventional and geothermal wells /
This book explores the geometry of hydraulic fractures using distributed fiber optic strain measurements. It focuses on modeling and analyzing fracture geometry in oil, gas, and geothermal wells to optimize production and address environmental challenges. The authors, experts in petroleum engineerin...
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| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam ; Cambridge, MA :
Elsevier,
[2024]
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| Online Access: | ScienceDirect |
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Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Characterization Based on Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Measurements
- Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Characterization Based on Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Measurements Modeling and Field Data fo ...
- Copyright
- Contents
- About the authors
- Preface
- 1
- General introduction
- 1.1 Hydraulic fracturing
- 1.2 Multistage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells
- 1.3 Characterization of hydraulic fracture geometry
- 1.4 Fracture diagnostics
- 1.5 Summary
- References
- 2
- Distributed fiber optic sensing
- 2.1 Introduction to DFOS fundamentals
- 2.2 Different types of distributed strain sensing
- 2.2.1 Brillouin-based DSS
- 2.2.2 Weak fiber bragg grating (FBG) array-based DSS
- 2.2.3 Low-frequency DAS-based DSS (LF-DAS)
- 2.2.4 Rayleigh frequency shift based DSS (RFS-DSS)
- 2.3 Measurement considerations of DSS
- 2.4 Application of DSS for unconventional reservoir development and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
- 2.4.1 DSS monitoring during stimulation
- 2.4.2 DSS monitoring during production
- 2.5 Comprehensive literature review of DSS monitoring during stimulation
- 2.5.1 Forward geomechanics modeling
- 2.5.2 Inversion modeling
- 2.5.3 Laboratory experiments
- 2.5.4 Application of machine learning in data analysis
- 2.5.5 Field data analysis across different basins
- 2.6 Summary
- References
- 3
- A forward geomechanical workflow for simulation of strain/strain-rate responses
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 A workflow for simulating strain/strain rate responses
- 3.3 A fracture propagation model
- 3.4 Three-dimensional linear-elastic displacement discontinuity method
- 3.5 Validation of three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method
- 3.6 Calculation of low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing strain and strain rate
- References.
- 4
- Numerical modeling of strain responses in horizontal monitoring wells
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Strain response induced by a single fracture
- 4.2.1 Basic characteristics of strain response
- 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis
- 4.2.3 Strain responses at different relative positions of fractures and monitoring wells
- 4.3 Strain response induced by multiple fractures
- 4.3.1 Basic characteristics of strain responses
- 4.3.2 Impact of cluster spacing
- 4.3.3 Impact of tool resolution
- 4.3.4 Pattern match of field measurement
- 4.4 Fracture hit identification
- 4.4.1 Large cluster spacing
- 4.4.2 Small cluster spacing
- 4.5 Summary
- References
- 5
- Numerical modeling of strain responses in vertical monitoring wells
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Vertical strain and strain rate calculation for a single fracture
- 5.3 Determination of fracture passing time
- 5.4 Fracture height determination
- 5.5 Strain responses in two fractures
- 5.5.1 Impact of fiber-to-fracture distance
- 5.5.2 Impact of vertical offset of fractures
- 5.5.3 Impact of fracture arrival time
- 5.5.4 Impact of well inclination
- 5.6 Pattern match of field measurement
- 5.7 Summary
- References
- 6
- The impact of mechanical coupling on distributed strain sensing measurements
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Impact of deployment methods
- 6.3 Numerical modeling of mechanical decoupling
- 6.4 Fiber static slippage
- 6.4.1 Effect of fiber slippage
- 6.4.2 Sensitivity analysis of maximum fiber strain gradient
- 6.4.3 Field observation of fiber slippage and model match
- 6.5 Fiber stick slippage
- 6.5.1 Field observation of stick-slip
- 6.5.2 Stick-slip modeling results
- 6.5.3 Sensitivity analysis
- 6.6 Summary
- References
- 7
- Green's function based inversion algorithm for quantitative hydraulic fracture geometry characterization
- 7.1 Introduction.
- 7.2 Inversion algorithm development for a single fracture
- 7.2.1 Green's function matrix construction
- 7.2.2 Linear least-squares method
- 7.2.3 Markov chain Monte Carlo method
- 7.3 Inversion algorithm performance for a single fracture
- 7.3.1 Synthetic data preparation
- 7.3.2 Forward-model verification
- 7.3.3 Results of linear least-squares method
- 7.3.4 Results of MCMC simulation
- 7.3.5 Impact of LF-DAS measurement bias
- 7.3.6 Time-dependent fracture-width inversion
- 7.3.7 Height sensitivity
- 7.4 Inversion algorithm development for multiple fractures
- 7.4.1 Green's function matrix assembly
- 7.4.2 Mitigation of nonunique inversion solutions
- 7.4.3 Fracture height estimation
- 7.5 Inversion algorithm performance for multiple fractures
- 7.5.1 Synthetic data preparation
- 7.5.2 Multifracture width-inversion results
- 7.5.3 Height estimation
- 7.6 Summary
- References
- 8
- Field application in Eagle Ford: Horizontal monitoring well
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Field data processing
- 8.3 Fracture hit identification
- 8.3.1 Stage T1
- 8.3.2 Stage T2
- 8.3.3 Stage T3
- 8.3.4 Stage T4
- 8.4 Fracture azimuth estimation
- 8.5 Fracture length prediction
- 8.6 Fracture width inversion
- 8.6.1 Stage T2
- 8.6.2 Stage T3
- 8.6.3 Stage T4
- 8.7 Fracture height estimation
- 8.8 Summary
- References
- 9
- Field application in Permian Basin: Horizontal monitoring wells
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Fracture hit identification and fracture width calculation
- 9.3 Fracture hit analysis of all four well pairs
- 9.3.1 B1H stimulation monitored by B4H (B1H ₂ B4H)
- 9.3.2 B2H stimulation monitored by B3H (B2H ₂ B3H)
- 9.3.3 B2H stimulation monitored by B4H (B2H ₂ B4H)
- 9.3.4 B4H stimulation monitored by B3H (B4H ₂ B3H)
- 9.4 Summary of fracture widths of all four well pairs.
- 9.4.1 B1H stimulation monitored by B4H (B1H ₂ B4H)
- 9.4.2 B2H stimulation monitored by B3H (B2H ₂ B3H)
- 9.4.3 B2H stimulation monitored by B4H (B2H ₂ B4H)
- 9.4.4 B4H stimulation monitored by B3H (B4H ₂ B3H)
- 9.5 Evaluation of parent well depletion effects on fracture geometry
- 9.6 Quantitative analysis of completion designs
- 9.6.1 Attribute definition in the far field
- 9.6.2 Attribute calculations for all four well pairs
- 9.6.2.1 B1H completion design analysis via B4H cross-well strain measurements
- 9.6.2.2 B2H completion design analysis via B3H cross-well strain measurements
- 9.6.2.3 B2H completion design analysis via B4H cross-well strain measurements
- 9.6.2.4 B4H completion design analysis via B3H cross-well strain measurements
- 9.6.3 In-well acoustic and cross-well strain comparison
- 9.6.4 Aggressive limited entry analysis
- 9.6.5 Comparison of six different completion designs with the same cluster spacing
- 9.7 Average created fracture height estimation
- 9.8 Conclusions
- References
- 10
- Field application in Permian Basin: Vertical section of horizontal monitoring wells and vertical monitoring wells
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Field description
- 10.3 Fracture height quantification from a vertical monitoring well
- 10.3.1 Fracture heights of B1H measured at B5PH
- 10.3.2 Fracture heights of B2H measured at B5PH
- 10.3.3 Fracture heights of B3H measured at B5PH
- 10.3.4 Fracture heights of B4H measured at B5PH
- 10.4 Fracture height quantification from vertical section of a horizontal monitoring well
- 10.4.1 Fracture heights of B1H measured at B3H
- 10.4.2 Fracture heights of B2H measured at B3H
- 10.4.3 Fracture heights of B4H measured at B3H
- 10.5 Height comparison
- 10.6 Summary
- References
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- L
- M
- O
- P
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V.