Practical petrophysics /

Practical Petrophysics, Second Edition, Volume 62 provides a comprehensive overview of building a petrophysical model. All aspects from the principles of data acquisition through analysis to reporting are covered. This is not intended to be a review of specific tools and measurements, nor is it simp...

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Autor principal:	Kennedy, Martin (Petroleum engineering consultant) (Autor)
Format:	Electrònic eBook
Idioma:	anglès
Publicat:	Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, [2025]
Edició:	Second edition.
Matèries:	Petroleum > Geology. Petrology. Petroleum engineering. Geophysics. Pétrole > Géologie. Pétrologie. Technique du pétrole. Géophysique. petrology. geophysics. Geophysics Petroleum engineering Petroleum > Geology Petrology
Accés en línia:	ScienceDirect
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Intro
Practical Petrophysics
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. What Is Petrophysics?
1.2. Early History
1.3. Petrophysical Data
1.4. Quantitative Description of Mixtures
1.5. The Practice of Petrophysics and Petrophysics in Practice
1.5.1. The Archie Equation: A Case Study
1.6. The Petrophysical Model
1.7. Physical Properties of Rocks
1.8. Fundamentals of Log Analysis
1.9. A Word on Nomenclature
1.10. The Future of the Profession
Chapter 2: Petrophysical Properties
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Porosity
2.3. Saturation
2.4. Permeability
2.4.1. The Klinkenberg Effect
2.4.2. Effective and Relative Permeability
2.5. Shale and Clay Volume (Vshale and Vclay)
2.5.1. Clay Minerals
2.5.1.1. Kaolinite
2.5.1.2. Illite
2.5.1.3. The Smectites
2.5.1.4. Glauconite
2.5.1.5. Chlorite
2.5.2. Physical Properties of the Clays
2.5.3. Petrophysics of Clay and Shale
2.5.4. Shale Volume and Clay Volume from Log Analysis
2.6. Relationships Between Properties
2.6.1. Self-induced correlation
2.6.2. Closure
2.6.3. How the Correlation Coefficient Is Calculated
2.7. Heterogeneity and Anisotropy
2.7.1. Anisotropy
2.7.2. Heterogeneity
2.7.3. The Lorenz Coefficient
2.8. Net, Pay and Averaging
2.9. Unconventional Reservoirs
Chapter 3: Core and Other Samples
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Types of Core
3.3. Core Measurements
3.4. Preparation for Analysis
3.5. Core Porosity
3.6. Grain Density
3.7. Permeability
3.8. Special Core Analysis
3.8.1. Compressibility
3.8.2. Klinkenberg Effect
3.9. Oil and Gas Shales
3.10. Cuttings
3.11. Digital Core Analysis (DCA)
Chapter 4: Logs Part I: General Characteristics and Passive Measurements
4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Wireline and Logging While Drilling
4.3. Characteristics of Logs
4.3.1. Vertical Resolution
4.3.2. Depth of Investigation
4.4. Volume of Investigation of Logs
4.5. Passive Log Measurements
4.5.1. Temperature Logs
4.5.2. Calliper Logs
4.5.3. Spontaneous Potential
4.5.4. Gamma-Ray
4.5.4.1. Artificial Gamma Activity
4.5.4.2. LWD and Geo-steering
4.5.5. Spectral Gamma-ray
Chapter 5: Logs Part II: Porosity, Resistivity and Other Tools
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Density Tools
5.2.1. Vertical Resolution and Depth of Investigation
5.3. Neutron Logs
5.3.1. The Neutron Matrix
5.3.2. Neutron-Absorbing Elements
5.3.3. Neutron Activation
5.3.4. Epithermal Neutrons
5.3.5. Neutron Logs: Conclusion
5.4. Sonic
5.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
5.6. Resistivity
5.6.1. Introduction
5.6.2. Unfocussed Resistivity Tools
5.6.3. Focussed Resistivity Tools
5.6.4. Induction Tools
5.6.5. Micro-resistivity Tools
5.6.6. Propagation Tools (LWD)
5.6.7. Horizontal Wells
5.7. More Uses of Neutrons: Geochemical Logs
5.8. Environmental Corrections
5.9. Conclusion
Chapter 6: Introduction to Log Analysis: Shale Volume and Parameter Picking
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Fundamentals: Equations and Parameters
6.2.1. Deterministic and Matrix Inversion Methods
6.2.2. Computer Log Analysis
6.3. Preparation
6.3.1. Environmental Corrections
6.3.2. Re-sampling
6.3.3. Depth Shifting
6.3.4. Filtering and De-spiking
6.4. Parameter Picking and Displaying Logs
6.4.1. Histograms
6.4.2. Cross-plots
6.5. Shale Volume
6.5.1. Shale Volume From Gamma-ray
6.5.2. Density-Neutron Cross-plot
6.5.3. Other Cross-plots
6.5.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
6.5.5. Geochemical Logs
6.6. Combining Shale Volume Curves
Chapter 7: Log Analysis Part I: Porosity.
7.1. Introduction to Porosity
7.2. Porosity Calculation Fundamentals
7.3. Single Log Porosity Methods
7.3.1. Density Porosity
7.3.2. Parameters and Uncertainty
7.3.3. Shale Volume and Porosity
7.3.4. Porosity From the Sonic Log
7.3.5. Neutron Log
7.4. Methods Involving More Than One Input Curve
7.4.1. Density-Neutron Cross-plot Methods
7.4.2. Grain Density From the Density-Neutron Cross-plot
7.4.3. Hydrocarbon Effects
7.4.4. Other Cross-plots
7.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
7.6. Integration With Core Data
7.6.1. Confining Stress
7.6.2. Other Core-Log Integration Issues
7.6.3. Log Calibration
7.6.4. Using Core to Guide Log Analysis
7.7. Oil and Gas Shales
Chapter 8: Log Analysis Part II: Water Saturation
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Basic Principles
8.2.1. Determining Water Volume
8.2.2. Dielectric Constant
8.2.3. Neutron Lifetime
8.2.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
8.2.5. Electrical Resistivity
8.3. Water Saturation from Resistivity
8.3.1. Introduction
8.3.2. Archie's Equation
8.3.3. Water Saturation and the Archie Equation
8.3.4. Calculating Saturation and Saturation Parameters
8.3.4.1. Formation Water and Water Resistivity Rw
8.3.4.2. Collection and Analysis of Water Samples
8.3.4.3. Log-Based Methods
8.3.4.4. Cementation Exponent (Archie `m) and `a
8.3.4.5. Saturation Exponent (Archie `n)
8.4. Back to the Rocks. What Controls the Saturation Parameters?
8.4.1. A Simple Model for `m
8.4.2. The m Value for Real Rocks
8.4.3. Relationship of m to Porosity and Permeability
8.4.4. Saturation Exponent
8.5. Uncertainty and Error Analysis
8.6. Changes in Water Composition
8.7. Conductive Minerals and Shaly-Sand equations
8.7.1. Shaly Sand Equations
8.7.2. Shale Volume Models
8.7.3. Total Porosity Models.
8.7.3.1. Waxman-Smits Equation
8.7.3.2. Hydrocarbons and Waxman-Smits
8.7.3.3. Applying the Waxman-Smits Equation
8.8. Conclusion
Chapter 9: Hydrocarbon Corrections
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Integrating Density Porosity with Archie Saturation
9.3. Complications and Refinements
9.3.1. The Z/A Correction: Fundamentals
9.3.2. The Z/A Correction for Hydrogen
9.3.3. Accounting for Invasion
9.3.4. Shale Volume
9.4. The Neutron Log Re-visited
9.5. Hydrocarbon Effects on Density-Neutron Methods
Chapter 10: Fluid Distribution
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Gravitational Forces and Buoyancy
10.3. Capillary Forces
10.3.1. Solid-Fluid Interactions
10.3.2. Interactions Between Water and Real Rocks
10.4. Water in Porous Rocks
10.5. Wettability
10.6. Interfacial Tension and Capillary Pressure
10.6.1. Glass Tube Re-visited
10.7. Capillary Pressure Curves
10.7.1. Converting From Laboratory to Reservoir
10.8. Putting It All Together: Real Rocks and Real Fluids
10.9. Developing a Saturation-Height Function
10.9.1. Introduction
10.9.2. Saturation-Height Functions Based on Capillary Pressure Curves
10.9.3. Other Approaches to Saturation-Height Functions
10.9.4. Leverett J-Function
10.10. The Free Water Level and Formation Testers
10.11. Gas Oil Contacts
10.11.1. Introduction
10.11.2. Pore Pressure
10.11.3. Saturation-Height Behaviour
10.11.4. Complications: Gas Charging and Oil Wetness
10.12. Tilted Free Water Levels
10.13. Conclusion
Chapter 11: Permeability Re-visited
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Characteristics of Permeability
11.3. Permeability Data
11.4. Permeability Prediction
11.5. Kozeny-Carmen Equation
11.6. Permeability as a Function of Porosity and Irreducible Water Saturation
11.7. Analogues and Rock Types.
11.8. More Log-Based Methods
11.9. A Case Study
11.9.1. Using K-H from a Well Test
Chapter 12: Complex Lithology
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Photo-Electric Factor
12.2.1. Using PEF to Estimate Matrix Density and the Density/PEF Cross-plot
12.3. Density-Neutron Cross-plot
12.3.1. Complex Lithology in the Presence of Hydrocarbons
12.4. Case Study: Limestone-Dolomite Systems
12.4.1. Chemistry and Physics of Dolomite: Properties and Occurrence
12.4.2. Density-Neutron Cross-plot in Limestone-Dolomites Systems
12.4.3. Other Cross-plots
12.4.4. `Ground-truthing
12.5. Geochemical Tools
12.6. Case Study 2: Metal Sulphides
12.6.1. Finer Points of the Density Measurement
12.6.2. Finer Points of the PEF Measurement
12.6.3. Worked Example: Pyritised Interval in a Gas Well
12.6.4. Worked Example II: Evaluating a Lead Deposit
Chapter 13: Thin Bed Pays: Dealing with the Limitations of Log Resolution
13.1. Introduction
13.2. The Problem of Log Resolution
13.3. Thomas-Stieber Method
13.4. Resistivity and Saturation
13.5. Image Logs
13.5.1. Electrical Image Logs
13.5.2. Acoustic Image Logs
13.5.3. The Inclinometer
13.5.4. Health Warning
13.6. NMR Logs
Chapter 14: Geophysical Applications
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Integrated Transit Time and the Time-Depth Curve
14.2.1. Formation Alteration
14.2.2. Dispersion
14.2.3. Hole Geometry
14.3. Sonic Calibration
14.4. Fluid Substitution
14.4.1. The Gassman Equation
14.4.2. Shear Slowness
14.4.3. Vp/Vs Ratios: Empirical Relationships and Fundamental Limits
14.5. Borehole Gravity Surveys
14.6. Deep-Reading Resistivity Surveys
14.7. Conclusions
Chapter 15: Fractured Reservoirs
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Simple Model
15.2.1. Porosity and Permeability.

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